Phrase adalah rangkaian kata yang sudah mengandung
suatu pengertian atau satu kesatuan makna, tetapi tidak mempunyai subject dan
predicate dan merupakan bagian dari suatu kalimat. Apabila kata-kata dalam
phrase tersebut kita pisah, maka mempunyai makna yang berbeda apabila kata-kata
tersebut disatukan.
Contoh:
- The girl at the door is my sister.
- The book on the table is mine.
- The man with the red hat is my teacher.
- The boys in the street are students.
Berdasarkan penggunaannya Phrase
dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 macam, yaitu:
1. Noun Phrase.
3. Adverbial Phrase.
Adalah phrase yang
digunakan/berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda).
Contoh:
- Ali went to the store for some books.
- My new car near the tree is old enough.
- The desk in this room is small.
Contoh:
- Books in black and red were the clerk’s
delight.
- The girl with long hair is my friend.
Adalah phrase yang
digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Contoh:
- He shouted on house top.
- Henry fishes in the big lake.
- He put the money into his pocket.
Adverbial Phrase dapat juga
digunakan untuk menyatakan (mengekspresikan) beberapa hubungan; seperti
mengekspresikan hubungan waktu (expressing a relation of time), place (tempat),
manner (cara), degree (tingkat/derajat), cause (sebab akibat), purpose
(tujuan/maksud), condition (syarat), atau concession or contrast
(pertentangan).
Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat
berikut ini:
1. Menunjukkan Hubungan Waktu.
- She has been ill since two days ago,
- We have been studying English for three
years.
2. Menunjukkan Hubungan Tempat.
- I live near the school.
- He hurried into the classroom.
- The children’s toys were all over the room.
3. Menunjukkan Hubungan Cara.
- He cut it with a knife.
- She writes an angry letter in red ink.
4. Menunjukkan Hubungan Tingkat.
- I love her very much.
- You must study English more diligently.
5. Menunjukkan Hubungan Sebab
Akibat.
- She was injured because of the bus accident.
- I was late because of the rain.
- Your father is very angry with you for
staying out so late.
6. Menunjukkan Hubungan Tujuan.
- She has come to tell you the latest news.
- I leave for Jakarta to buy some books.
7. Menunjukkan Hubungan
Pertentangan.
- In spite of the rain he went out.
- Regardless of the weather she always brings
an umbrella.
8. Menunjukkan Hubungan Syarat.
- We’ll go if necessary.
Berdasarkan kata-kata
pendahuluannya (introductory words or pivot word) phrase dapat diklasifikasikan
menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:
1. Prepositional Phrase.
2. Principal Phrase.
3. Infinitive Phrase.
4. Gerund Phrase.
5. Appositive Phrase
Adalah ungkapan yang mengandung
prepos’isi (kata depan); dan biasanya dapat dipakai/berfungsi sebagai
Noun, Adjective atau. Adverb. Contoh:
- The report will be sent in a few days.
- He is sometimes angry with his wife.
- I’m sorry for having come late.
- The traffic sign points to the left.
Adalah ungkapan yang mengandung
participle yang biasanya berfungsi sebagai adjective.
- Not knowing anyone in town he felt very
lonesome.
- Having finished his assignment, he went
home.
- Having lost all my money, I went home.
- Student arriving late will not be permitted
to enter the lecture hall. (Arriving late menjelaskan student.)
- We heard the children crying.
Arti atau pengertian dari kalimat
yang mengandung Participial Phrase dapat menunjukkan:
1. Waktu
a. After (sesudah)
- Having finished all the work, she went home.
(Setelah dia menyelesaikan semua pekerjaan, dia pulang.)
b. While or When ( = ketika)
- Walking along the street, I met a friend
whom I had not seen for along time. (Ketika saya berjalan sepanjang jalan,
saya bertemu teman yang telah lama saya tidak berjumpa.)
2. Sebab Akibat
- Having worked hard all his life, he decided
to take a long vacation. (Karena dia telah bekerja keras sepanjang
hidupnya, maka dia memutuskan untuk mengambil liburan panjang)
Tetapi kadang-kadang dapat juga menunjukkan
pengertian waktu dan sebab bersama-sama.
- Having eaten too much, he became sleepy.
(Karena dia makan terlalu banyak, dia jadi mengantuk)
Perhatikan beberapa contoh berikut:
- Needing some money to buy a book, Ali cashed
a check. (= Because he needed some money to buy a book, Ali chased a
check.)Being unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle. Unable to
afford a car, she bought a bicycle. (= Because she was unable to afford a
car, she bought a bicycle.)
Adalah ungkapan yang mengandung
infinitive dan infinitive phrase dapat digunakan/berfungsi sebagai Noun, Adjective atau Adverb.
a. Infinitive phrase sebagai Noun
- To read books means to enlarge one’s
horizons.
- To see his children again will make him
happy.
- To learn English, you must practice
everyday.
- To ask more money would be wrong.
- To do that is difficult for me.
b. Infinitive phrase sebagai Adjective
- He wanted books to juggle acrobatically.
- The poison was strong enough to have killed
ten people.
- He is a good man for you to know.
c. Infinitive phrase sebagai Adverb
- He read to enlarge his horizons.
- He has been warned not to do that again.
- I had hoped to see her soon.
Adalah ungkapan yang mengandung
gerund, dan biasanya hanya berfungsi sebagai Noun.
- Reading books enlarge one’s horizons.
- Playing with guns is dangerous.
- Taking a long walk every day is good
exercise.
- Her cleaning the house every day is not
necessary.
- The broadcasting by that station comes from
the top of a skyscraper.
Sebagai pelengkap pembahasan
tentang Phrases, berikut ini diuraikan jenis phrases lain yaitu: Appositive
Phrases, yang sangat besar peranannya dalam penyusunan kalimat dalam bahasa
Inggris.
Appositive Phrases yaitu sekelompok
kata yang berfungsi memberi keterangan tambahan kepada subjek atau objek.
- Noun: He had asked Mr. Wilson, a prominent
lawyer, to represent him in court.
- Adjective: The professor, unaware that many of his students were asleep, went
right on lecturing.
- Adverb: The gentleman over there by the door
is our accountant.
- Prepositional phrase: Mr. Harris, in a hurry
to get home, a took a taxi from the airport.
Susunan Kalimat dengan Appositive
Phrases
Adjective clauses yang mengandung bentuk Be dapat
disingkat menjadi Appositive Phrase dengan hanya mempertahankan pelengkap
(complement) sesudah Be (noun, adjective, adverb atau preposition at phrases).
- The young man, who is now a lawyer in a
large firm, has lost much of his old ambition. Menjadi: The young man, now
a lawyer in a large firm, has lost mush of his old ambition.
- The person who is responsible for the damage
will have to pay for it. Menjadi: The person responsible for the damage
will have to pay for it.
2. Letak Appositive Phrase dalam
Kalimat
Letak Appositive Phrase yang paling
umum adalah sesudah noun yang diterangkan olehnya, dan terletak di antara dua
tanda koma.
- His uncle, a proud and unbending man,
refused all help that was offered him.
- Ahmad, eager to get ahead in his career,
worked hard day and night.
- The man, aware that he had mad a mistake,
tried to correct it.
- The high-powered computer machine, the most
powerful of its type, was finally readied for use.
Namun Appositive Phrase yang
mengacu (menerangkan) subjek dari main verb dapat pula diletakkan di awal
kalimat atau di akhir kalimat.
Di Awal Kalimat
- A proud and unbending man, his uncle refused
all help that was offered him.
- Eager to get ahead in his career, Charles
worked hard day and night. (Pada posisi seperti ini, appositive phrase
sering mengekspresikan sebab akibat, kadang-kadang kelonggaran.)
Di Akhir Kalimat
- His uncle refused all help that was
offered him, a proud and unbending man.
- Charles worked hard day and night, eager to
get ahead in his career.
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